Chemistry
Chemistry Study Sheet
By: Jake Rowland
The first shell of an atom can hold 2 electrons.
The second shell of an atom can hold 8 electrons.
The third shell of an atom can hold 8 electrons.
The atomic number of an element tells you how many protons are in the atom.
In order for an atom to be neutral it has to have the same number of electrons and protons.
An atom never loses protons, it only loses electrons.
When a neutral atom loses an electron, it gains a positive charge and is called a Cation.
When a neutral atom loses an electron, it gains a negative charge and is called an Anion.
Metals such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium are found on the left side of the periodic table. Metals tend to lose electrons.
Halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, and iodine are found on the right side of the periodic table. Halogens tend to gain electrons.
Oxygen gains electrons.
Nitrogen gains electrons.
Sulfur gains electrons.
Potassium loses electrons.
When to elements react, the non-metal which is written after the metal, gets an “-ide” to replace its ending.
Magnesium Chloride- Mg Cl 2
Lithium Oxide- Li 2 O
Aluminum Bromide- Al Br 3
Potassium Sulfide- K 2 S
Potassium Nitride- K 3 N
Phosphide- P (3- )
When an atom gains electrons to finish its outer shell and get’s a negative charge, it is an anion.
When an atom loses electrons to finish its outer shell and get’s a positive charge, it is a cation.
When 2 NON metals combine, they make covalent bonds. They share electrons. They can be a single bond, double bond, triple bond, etc.
When a covalent bond is made, theses prefixes are used:
Mono 1
Di 2
Tri 3
Tetra 4
Penta 5
Hexa 6
Ammonium ion NH 4 (+)
Hydroxide Ion OH (-)
Carbonate CO 3 (2- )
Nitrate NO 3 (-)
Sulfate SO 4 (2- )
Hydrogen Carbonate HCO 3 (-)
Hydrogen Sulfate HSO 4 (-)
Phosphate PO 4 (3- )
Exothermic is a reaction that releases energy.
Endothermic is a reaction that absorbs...
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