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Chemistry

1. a) Bulk movement is the overall movement of a fluid. The molecules all
move in the same direction. Diffusion however is the random movement of
molecules which usually results in a fairly even distribution. In other
words the movement is not guaranteed to move in one direction but the
probability that it will move in the lower gradient is greater. Osmosis is
similar to diffusion but is differentiated by the membrane's behavior. The
cell membrane does allow water to move from higher to lower concentrations
but does not allow solutes do that. b) Water potential is the capacity of
water to move to a from a region where there is high water potential to low
water potential. This action happens without the affect of outside forces.
When outside actions due occur and they give water a high potential energy
than the water will move to the region where less potential energy is.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure required to stop water the movement of
water. This is a method of measurement. The osmotic potential is the
measure of tendency of water to move through a membrane which contains a
solution. This occurs when a cell does not allow a hypertonic solution to
leave the cell membrane. The cell begins to increase with water but the
cell membrane can not release the solution and thus the water potential
within the cell increases. This causes the water to no longer enter the
cell. c) Hypotonic is less solute to a certain amount of water. Hypertonic
is more solute to a certain amount of water. Isotonic is the equal amount
of solutes in two different solutions. d) Endocytosis is the inward bulge
causes by incoming molecules. Exocytosis is the expelling of a material
outside a cell. e) Phagocytosis is the process where the cell obtains
solid matter. This is different from the pinocytosis...

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