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§Gerund and Gerund Phrase 的功用   以前提及非限制動詞有三種：   ` 1. 不定詞 Infinitive`   2. 動名詞 Gerund   3. 分詞 Participle   現在介紹第二種。   什麼是動名詞 Gerund？   `動名詞由動詞的 root form + ing 構成。這類詞既有動詞的特性，`   亦有名詞的特性。   `此外，動名詞加賓語或修飾語，構成動名詞短語 Gerund Phrase。`   1. 作主語   例如：   To hunt tigers is very dangerous.﹝不定詞短語﹞   The hunting of tigers is very dangerous.﹝Verbal Noun﹞   * "rudely" 是副詞，不修飾名詞，只修飾動詞，故 "Speaking" 是 Gerund，   不是 Verbal Noun。   ` There is no stopping him.﹝無法阻止他。﹞`   ` There is no denying this.﹝這是無法否認的。﹞`   2. 作賓語   例如：   ` I like drinking tea.`   ` We enjoy playing table-tennis.`   3. 作補語   例如：   His bad habit isdrinking wine.   ` My hobby is collecting stamps.`   ` Our aim is mastering English in the shortest possible time.`   4. 放在介詞後面構成介詞短語   例如：   John has a bad habit ofspitting everywhere.   * "everywhere" 是副詞，不修飾名詞，只修飾動詞。   You cannot hope to learn a foreign language well without   ※ 有些動詞後面只能以 Verbal Noun 或 Gerund 作賓語，   而不能以 Infinitive 作賓語。   例如：   ` You can hardly avoid meeting her if you both work `   ` I have finished reading a book.`   ` He suggested reading the instructions first.`   ` Would you mind opening the window?`   ` You should practice writing English regularly.`   ` He denied knowing anything about their plans.`   ` We missed seeing that film when it was at the local cinema.`   ` They couldn't help laughing.`   ` We are considering going to America.`   § 動名詞的時態'''語態   `動名詞本身可以有不同的時態'''語態。現以 "do" 為例表列如下：`   ※ 動名詞的一般時態所表示的動作變化在時間上可以不確定，   或者可與謂語動詞所表示的動作變化可以同時發生。   ※ 動名詞的完成時態所表示的動作變化在謂語動詞所表示的   動作變化之前發生。   ` I hate disturbing people in their work.`   ` She did the work without being asked.`   I recallhaving met him somewhere.   ` I remember having seen the film.`   ` After having finished his lessons, he went home.`   ` He denied having been warned of the danger.`   ` She denied having been told about the news.`

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