DNA‚ RNA‚ PROTEINS STARTS WITH ? Name _______________________________ 1. DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell so it can be read is called _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ . 2. The group of 3 nitrogen bases in the mRNA message that is read together is called a _C_ __ __ __ __. 3. In dividing cells‚ the DNA is scrunched into _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ so it can be moved. 4. The mRNA message tells the ribosomes which _A_ __ __ __ __ _A_ __ __ __ to put in next
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Transcription The Central Dogma RNA Polymerase Ribosome DNA transcription replication RNA translation Protein One gene encodes one protein? (Beadle and Tatum‚ 1941) • • • Cellular machinery is largely made up of proteins. Proteins are made up of chains or sequences of amino acids. The sequence of these amino acids are "encoded" in the cell’s DNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA‚ which is then translated into protein. When one gene is mutated‚ one protein is affected (usually
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direction and the mRNA is transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction by the RNA polymerase. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus‚ where the DNA is held. The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by the bases. The sugar and the phosphate are joined together by a hydrogen bond. The DNA is "unzipped" by the enzyme helicase‚ leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied. RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from 3-prime (3’) end to the 5-prime
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New cells arise by division of existing cells Cell division occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells by mitosis and meiosis Replacement of the entire lining of your small intestine Liver cells only divide for repairing Nerve cells do not divide Chromosomes Long and thin for replication and decoding Become short and fat prior mitosis → easier to separate due to compact form Meiosis (reduction division) During the production of sex cells (gametes) in animals In spore formation which precedes
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DNA and RNA Replication Deborah J Brooks Biochemistry (GRT1) Task 1 Western Governors University Objectives DNA Replication at Biochemical Level Role of Ligase Role of mRNA Role of RNA Polymerase Inhibition related to the death cap mushroom Introduction Nucleic acids are required for the storage and expression of genetic information. There are two chemically distinct types of nucleic acids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The repository of genetic information. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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nucleotides are the monomers of DNA RNA Nucleotide [pic] The left picture shows the nucleotide unit of RNA. Nucleotides differ from nucleosides in that they have phosphate groups. Nucleotides can exist in the mono-‚ di-‚ or tri-phosphorylated forms. The most common site of phosphorylation of nucleotides found in cells is the hydroxyl group attached to the 5’-carbon of the ribose. Nucleotide units line up forming the backbone of RNA / DNA. 1A. Typical DNA Molecule
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of molecular inheritance. It states that DNA makes RNA‚ which makes protein. Genes control the traits by controlling which proteins are made. The process of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is when DNA transcripts into RNA and then translates into protein. Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA forming into RNA. The differences between DNA and RNA are the sugar that’s in DNA which is called deoxyribose and ribose for RNA which does not have sugar. When DNA replication begins
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There are several differences between RNA and DNA is that are key. DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar. Secondly b. RNA is generally single stranded and not double stranded. Lastly RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. c. The three types of RNA are messenger RNA‚ transfer RNA‚ and ribosomal RNA. Messenger RNA is the “mirror image” of the DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence for the protein specified by the gene. The Transfer RNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes
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DNA helicase -separates strands of nuclei acid‚ breaks H bond between nitrogenous bases.‚ works at the replication fork -DNA PRIMASE- lays RNA primer ‚ acts as new strand‚ can only add nucleotides to a free3’ end ‚ lays nucleotide with a 5’ orientation -DNA POLYMERASE 3- adds nucleotides using base pair rules lcreating 2 new daughter strands‚ only adds to a free 3’end and lays down nucleotide with 5’ orientation. Pol3 continuously synthesizes new daughter cell(leading strand) same direction as
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Functionally‚ eukaryotic genomes can be described as much larger and more complex than prokaryotic genomes. This means regulation is a lot more demanding and intensive within the eukaryotic genome. Due to its complex nature‚ eukaryotic gene regulation can bring genetic changes in its product that affect gene expression‚ phenotypic outlook‚ and advances in biotechnology. This can be thought of as an evolutionary advantage to organisms in an unstable environment. Gene regulation in eukaryotes is a
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