Final Biology Exam Review Unit One: Cellular Processes Definitions: Apoptosis – Known as cell suicide‚ lysosomes break open and decompose the entire cell. Triglyceride – A lipid molecule composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. Simple diffusion – Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It goes through the phospholipid bilayer. Facilitated diffusion – Diffusion of particles through the cell membrane‚ assisted by transmembrane proteins
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Chapter 18 1 Takusagawa’s Note© Chapter 18: Photosynthesis 1. CHLOROPLASTS - Photosynthesis is carried out at chloroplasts. Structure of chloroplast Outer membrane Stroma lamellae Inner membrane Thylakoid Chloroplast Granum Dark reaction Stroma Light reaction - Composition of innermembrane and granum membrane are unusual. - Phospholipid (negatively charged) ~10% - Neutral lipid (galactose) ~80% Photosynthesis occurs in two distinct phases: 1. Light reactions --- Generates
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functions. (Anaerobe-Organisms that don’t require oxygen to live) Anaerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria. Prokaryotes are capable of anaerobic respiration. Doesn’t produce allot of ATP‚ hence it is effective for single cell organisms. Example: Glycolysis. Antibiotic resistance: Resistance of a microorganism to survive through the exposure of an antibiotic. Resistance is generally due to a genetic mutation of a bacteria‚ or evolutionary stress. A bacteria with many resistance genes may be
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References: Aisenberg‚ A. The glycolysis and respiration of tumours. A Review. Academic Press‚ NY and London. 1961 Boik‚ John‚ Cancer & Natural Medicine: A Textbook of Basic Science and Clinical Research Oregon Medical Press (Oct 1995) Coles B and Ketterer B. The Role of Glutathione and
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Biology - Final Review (50 Questions) Scientific Method Observations: New observations are made and past data are studied Hypothesis: A testable statement is formulated Experiment/Observations: The hypothesis is tested by experiment of further observations Conclusion: The results are analyzed. • If the hypothesis is support. Continue work (multiple experiences) • If the hypothesis is rejected. Start again (new hypothesis) Car Scenario: Observations: Vehicle won’t start Hypothesis:
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muscles in a shorter amount of time. Anaerobic training triggers two main energy systems: the high energy phosphate systems‚ (adenine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP)) and the anaerobic glycolysis system. High energy phosphates are used in small doses within muscle cells and the anaerobic glycolysis system is used in the absence of oxygen inside the cells or when ATP is needed in higher quantities but it cannot be produced fast enough during aerobic metabolism. These energy systems will help
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process of forming ATP by the physical addition of a phosphate group to ADP ATP cycle: Process of breaking down glucose and creating energy‚ ADP + Pi -->ATP Diagram of Mitochondria & Parts Cellular Respiration – 4 Stages (Aerobic) Glycolysis: Anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm. It breaks down glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. Key terms: glucose‚ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Activation: Substrate-level phosphorylation adds 2 phosphate groups to glucose
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AFFECTING PERFORMANCE How does training affect performance? • energy systems anaerobic Alactacid (ATP/PC) Lactic acid Aerobic Process An explosive movement causes the ATP to ‘split’‚ providing energy for muscular contraction Anaerobic glycolysis – degradation of glucose without using oxygen Aerobic metabolism – breakdown of fuel in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP Source of fuel Creatine phosphate Carbohydrate Carbohydrate‚ fat and protein ATP production Rapidly‚ but for a limited
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Worksheet 2 1. a) Define a cell. b) What is a unicellular organism? c) Can a cell be multicellular? a) Cell: Smallest unit that displays the properties of life; always contains cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane. b) Unicellular Organism: An organism that consists of only one cell‚ unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. c) No single cell is multicellular; however‚ it has been noted that a cell can evolve and become multicellular. 2
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Are there any differences in the rate of metabolism of a dried yeast culture with differing carbohydrate sources? In the current practical that was undertaken the growth rate of yeast (S. cerevisiae) with differing carbohydrates sources : Glucose (C6H12O6)‚ Fructose (C6H12O6)‚ Lactose (C12H22O11)‚ Xylitol “(CHOH)3(CH2OH)2” and Water (H2O) as a Control were observed. “ Yeast are single-celled fungi which consist of more than one thousand different species which have been identified. The most commonly
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