The main crops of Pakistan are classified into food crops and non-food crops. The food crops include wheat‚ rice‚ maize‚ coarse grains‚ grams and other pulses. The cash crops are cotton‚ sugarcane‚ tobacco‚ mustard and sesame. The total area‚ yield and production of each crop is now discussed under separate heads. (A) FOODS CROPS (1) Wheat: Wheat is the principal food crop of the people. It occupies an important position i farming policies. The share of wheat is 3% to GDP. The area under wheat
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DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS Process Maps Guidelines for Drawing Process Maps Data Flow Diagrams Guidelines for Drawing Data Flow Diagrams REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGS ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF OTHER DOCUMENTATION TOOLS Program Flowcharts Decision Tables Software Tools for Graphical Documentation and SOX Compliance After reading this chapter‚ you will: 1. Understand why documenting an AIS is important. 2. Be able to draw simple document flowcharts and explain how they describe the flow of data
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Chapter 9 – Auditing the Expenditure Cycle Summary Purchases and Cash Disbursement Procedures Using Batch Processing Technology Many batch system functions are the same as those in a manual purchase system. The main difference is that the routine accounting tasks are automated. Data Processing Department: Step 1 – the purchasing process begins in the data processing department‚ where the inventory control function is performed. The revenue cycle (in retailing firms) or the conversion cycle
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Efficient Cash Management Upon preparation of cash budgets after forecasting the receipts and payments‚ the management will have knowledge about the cash position of the firm. After knowing the cash position‚ the management should work out the basic strategies to be employed to manage its cash. The strategies of cash management are essentially related to the cash turnover process‚ that is‚ the cash cycle together with the cash turnover. The cash cycle is the amount of time cash is tied up between
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How to : Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system Order CUSTOMER Status Message Status Data 2.0 Shipping Confirmation In-Stock Request WAREHOUSE 1.0 Shipping Order Check Status Order Data D1 Pending Orders 3.0 Issue Status Messages Order Data Payment Invoice Manage Accounts Receivable 5.0 Accounting Data Accounts Receivable Data
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INVENTORY AND CASH MANAGEMENT SESSION 5 T Cash Can Be Managed as Inventory • Cash managed like inventory in manufacturing o Doesn’t mean physical cash; instead can be ‘quick’ financial instruments:短期国库券 checking accounts t-bills‚ o Demand for cash by organizations‚ individuals varies • Main concepts are: o Need to estimate ‘transactions demand’ o Models for changes in cash balances o Continuous cash management approach • Supply chain of physical cash o Think of advantages
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Petty Cash System Review (last 12 months) |Issue / Potential for Fraud |Fraud Rating |Date Incident Occurred |Notes | |No policy or procedures written up.|1 |Listed in the breakdowns below. |Many of the incidents or potential for fraud could be eliminated if there were documented | | | |
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Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) refers to a form of funding by the government or other humanitarian agencies whereby the fund donated must be used to finance a predetermined undertaking (Fiszbein et al‚ 2009‚ pp. 31). In Conditional cash transfers‚ money has to be spent for the intended purpose and only those who have been approved to meet the predetermined requirements receive such cash. This means that the recipient of the cash has to be vetted thoroughly and their actions determined before getting
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CASH VERSUS CREDIT Cash and credit are the preferred methods of payments in today’s society. Some consumers only purchase with cash‚ while others enjoy the convenience of using a credit card. There are advantages and disadvantages to using both credit and cash. Understanding the benefits‚ and drawbacks of both‚ should make it easier to decide which method is best for you. Managing your money can be a challenge whether you are using cash or a credit card. For example‚ using your credit
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U Cash by UCBL Introduction UCBL is currently one of the reputed banks in Bangladesh. After establishment this bank is achieving continues success in banking. Company Overview Sponsored by some dynamic and reputed entrepreneurs and eminent industrialists of the country and also participated by the Government‚ UCB started its operation in mid 1983 and has since been able to establish one of the largest network of 139 branches among the first generation banks in the private sector. With its firm
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