1. Psychosocial – Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is most widely used. At each stage, children confront a crisis that requires the integration of personal needs and skills with social and cultural expectations. Each stage has two possible components, favorable and unfavorable.
2. Psychosexual – Sigmund Freud considered sexual instincts to be significant in the development of personality. At each stage, regions of the body assume prominent psychologic significance as source of pleasure.
3. Cognitive – Jean Piaget proposed four major stages of development for logical thinking. Each stage arises from and builds on the previous stage in an orderly fashion.
4. Moral – Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based on cognitive development and consists of three major levels, each containing two stages.
|Stage |Erikson |Freud |Piaget |Kohlberg |
|Infancy |Trust vs. mistrust |Oral |Sensorimotor (birth to 2 | |
|(birth to 1 year) | | |years) | |
|Toddlerhood |Autonomy vs. same and doubt|Anal |Sensorimotor (1-2 years); |Preconventional |
|(1-3 years old) | | |preoperational | |
| | | |(preconceptual) (2-4 years) | |
|Preschool |Initiative vs. guilt |Phallic |Preoperational |Preconventional |
|(3-6 years old) | | |(preconceptual) (2-4 years); | |
| | | |preoperational (intuitive) | |
| | | |(4-7 years) | |
|School Age |Industry vs. inferiority |Latency |Concrete operations |Conventional |
|(6-12 years) | | |(7-11 years) | |
|Adolescence |Identity vs. role diffusion|Genital |Formal operations |Postconventional |
|(12-18 years) |(confusion) | |(11-15 years) | |
1. Human Growth and Development Theories :The term growth and development both refers to dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20...
2. Developmental Task: Trust vs Mistrust : The stage of Trust vs Mistrust is the first of all stages of development described by Erik Erikson. It begins from the time of birth and lasts till the end of 12th or 18th month of age...
3. Denver Developmental Screening Test : The Denver developmental screening test (DDST) is a test for screening cognitive and behavioral problems in children 0 to 6 years of age as to their development progress. It is the most widely used...
4. Developmental Milestones : Overview Parents are very excited to see their babies and children first smiles, verbalize words, walk and looks at them. The progress of their baby’s development has been thoroughly documented by some. Normal progress of...
5. Developmental task: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt : Children of 18 months to 3 years starts gaining control over eliminative functions and their motor abilities become better and stronger with every passing day. This is the time when a toddler starts to explore...
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