Introduction and Conclusion Strategies
THE ANALYSIS OF INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION STRATEGIES USED IN OBAMA’S SPEECHES
A. Introduction 1. Background
According to Slagell (2009), in everyday language, public speaking refers to the communication practice of a speaker sharing ideas with an audience primarily through speech. The process of sharing ideas for the audience can be done in many ways such as speech or also called as oratory. Following Astuti (2011, p.23-26) stated that public speaking including speech has many important points, i.e. increasing self confident, adding friends and partner, correcting verbal and non-verbal communication, having experience to face unexpected situation to speak infront of public, increasing achievement in career, and delivering opinion.
Speech as a part of communication has its own structure in order to make the ideas can be transferred easily. Furthermore Else and Paperbacks (1970, p.28-30) noted that plot structure of speech include three seperatd but integrated parts : the beginning, middle, and end. Abstract part contains of the overview of the speech and gives the audience a sense of what they are going to receive. Body contains of materials that orator is going to deliver for the audience, and conclusion contains of summarize of the speech. Eventhough each part has their own important points, but some sections receive more attention than others section because of the way people listen. For instance, Lucas (2009) points out that the first priority in audience’s attention is abstract. In abstract section, orator can gain the highest attention of the audience because they are most ready to be informed, persuaded, and entertained. The second priority is conclusion because the listener might hope an inspiring closing which can change their life. The last priority is body because the attention of listener will up and down in this section.
The introduction and conclusion part appear in every speech because most of the listeners give their attention in
A. Introduction 1. Background
According to Slagell (2009), in everyday language, public speaking refers to the communication practice of a speaker sharing ideas with an audience primarily through speech. The process of sharing ideas for the audience can be done in many ways such as speech or also called as oratory. Following Astuti (2011, p.23-26) stated that public speaking including speech has many important points, i.e. increasing self confident, adding friends and partner, correcting verbal and non-verbal communication, having experience to face unexpected situation to speak infront of public, increasing achievement in career, and delivering opinion.
Speech as a part of communication has its own structure in order to make the ideas can be transferred easily. Furthermore Else and Paperbacks (1970, p.28-30) noted that plot structure of speech include three seperatd but integrated parts : the beginning, middle, and end. Abstract part contains of the overview of the speech and gives the audience a sense of what they are going to receive. Body contains of materials that orator is going to deliver for the audience, and conclusion contains of summarize of the speech. Eventhough each part has their own important points, but some sections receive more attention than others section because of the way people listen. For instance, Lucas (2009) points out that the first priority in audience’s attention is abstract. In abstract section, orator can gain the highest attention of the audience because they are most ready to be informed, persuaded, and entertained. The second priority is conclusion because the listener might hope an inspiring closing which can change their life. The last priority is body because the attention of listener will up and down in this section.
The introduction and conclusion part appear in every speech because most of the listeners give their attention in
References: Slagel Amy.(2009). 21st Century Communication: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oak, CA: SAGE references online. Astuti, Novita Kristi.(2011). Jurus Kilat Jago Public Speaking Secara Otodidak. Jakarta: Laskar Aksara. Lucas, Stephen E.(2009). The Art of Public Speakin. Boston: The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Toney, B.A (2009). Speech Types Based on Purpose. Retrieved from http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Barbara_A_Toney. Accessed on 09 April 2013 Punch, K Robinson, A. (2010). The meaning of decriptive method in research. Retrieved from http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/2045654?oo=0 . Accessed on 16 April 2013 Nordquist, R A. Definition of Speech According to Astuti (2011:8), public speaking is a technique to communicate a message or idea in front of people in order to make them understand the information or alter someone’s views or opinions B. Speech Types Toney (2010) states that speech has 4 different types based on its purpose : persuasive speech, informative speech, inspirative speech, and entertaining speech. C. The structure of Speech Lucas (2009) states that there are 3 parts in structure of speech, there are abstract, body, and conclusion Lucas (2009) indicates that listeners have the following priorities : * First priority -- Abstract : You can count on listener’s greatest physical and mental attention at the outset of the speech E. The Introduction strategies in Speech Lucas (2009) points out 11 introduction strategies used in speech, they are: Astuti (2011) also points out several strategies in introduction part of the speech : 1 Lucas (2009) points out several strategies to make an inetresting conslusion in speech, they are: 1 Astuti (2011) also give us several strategies in making a great conclusio, they are: 1